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In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified which the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mostly due to not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, used as a raw content First melt (Czochralski technique) [186]. Accordingly, depending on its creation technological innovation, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. Hence,